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Gawkadal massacre
The Gawkadal massacre was named after the Gawkadal bridge in Srinagar, Kashmir, where, on 20 January 1990, the Indian paramilitary troops of the Central Reserve Police Force opened fire on a group of Kashmiri protesters in what has been described by some authors as "the worst massacre in Kashmiri history", along with the Bijbehara Massacre in 1993.〔Schofield, Victoria. (Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War ). London: I.B. Tauris, 2003, p.148.〕 At least 50 people were killed〔(''Kashmir's first blood'' ). ''Indian Express''. 1 May 2005〕 (according to survivors, the actual death toll may have been as high as 280〔Dalrymple, William. ("Kashmir: The Scarred and the Beautiful" ). ''The New York Review of Books.'' 1 May 2008.〕) The massacre happened just a day after the Government of India appointed Jagmohan as the Governor for a second time in a bid to control the mass protests by Kashmiris.〔
==Background==
Violence erupted in the Kashmir region of India Jammu and Kashmir in November 1989, though unrest had been building in the state since the 1987 elections, which some believed were rigged by the Indian government and the National Conference to ensure the defeat of a coalition of pro-independence and pro-autonomy parties.〔Akbar, MJ. (Exerting Moral Force ). "Time Magazine," 30 September 2002.〕〔Ganguly, Sumit. (Explaining the Kashmir Insurgency: Political Mobilization and Institutional Decay ). "International Security," vol. 21, no. 2.〕 Following the December, 1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed, daughter of Indian Home Minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, the government decided to take a harder stance against the separatist rebellion. To that end, despite fierce opposition from the state government, New Delhi appointed Jagmohan, a known forceful administrator, governor of the state. As a result, the state government, then led by Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest, and the state went under President's rule.〔( ''Focus shifts to Raj Bhawan, J-K heads for Governor's rule'' ). "Express India." 8 July 2008.〕
On 19 January 1990, the night Jagmohan was appointed governor, Indian security forces conducted extensive house-to-house searches in Srinagar, in an effort to find illegal weapons and root out any hidden militants.〔(Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir ). "Human Rights Watch." 2006〕 Hundreds of people were arrested.〔 Both Jagmohan and Abdullah deny any involvement in the decision to carry out the raid.〔
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